![]() Upon arrival and after gaining informed consent, baseline demographic information was obtained, the shoulder apprehension test was performed, and a Beighton score was calculated. The participants were blinded to the group placement. Prior to arrival, the names of the participants were placed in a bin, randomly drawn, and alternately placed in the experimental or control taping group. This study was approved by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Institutional Review Board (#20-040) and informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Exclusion criteria included past shoulder surgery, cervical surgery, cervical injury within the last 12 months, and/or pregnancy. Inclusion criteria included a diagnosis of hEDS, unilateral or bilateral shoulder pain, a positive shoulder apprehension test, and a Beighton score of≥5/9. The study was performed in a PT clinic in Rhode Island, USA that specializes in the treatment of individuals with EDS. ![]() ![]() Participants in this study were recruited from EDS support groups in the New England area of the United States and were all diagnosed with hEDS by their medical physician. It was hypothesized that KT would decrease pain and improve function. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to assess the efficacy and short-term effects of two different KT techniques on shoulder pain and function in individuals with hEDS and shoulder pain. There is a lack of research examining the effectiveness of KT in a population with EDS. In contrast, other studies have shown that KT tape was not effective for improving pain and function in patients with shoulder pain ( 17, 18). Other studies report decreases in pain and subluxation in patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain after stroke ( 15, 16). ![]() In individuals with shoulder dysfunction, KT has been shown to improve scapular joint position sense and movement control ( 14). The effectiveness of this intervention is equivocal. It is theorized that when KT is applied directly to the skin to treat musculoskeletal injuries, it stimulates the afferent nerves and mechanoreceptors of the skin, joints, and soft tissues to enhance proprioception ( 11– 13). Another intervention commonly used in patients with shoulder pain is kinesiology tape (KT). PT interventions including low-impact exercises for muscle strengthening and joint stabilization, proprioceptive training, and patient education ( 10). Physical therapy (PT) is often utilized to address the above listed impairments and functional limitations and is considered a primary treatment for hEDS ( 5, 10). As pain becomes chronic and joint instability progresses, activities of daily living become increasingly affected. In addition to pain, patients with hEDS demonstrate reduced muscle strength, endurance, and proprioception ( 7, 9). In one study, 78% of patients with hEDS demonstrated some type of shoulder pathology ( 6). The joint pain most commonly affects larger joints with greater ranges of motion, such as the shoulder, where recurrent subluxations often occur ( 6, 8). Musculoskeletal pain affecting more than 1 joint is a common manifestation of hEDS, with some studies reporting its presence in 100% of subjects ( 6, 7). ![]() The third criterion includes 2 of the following 3 items: the presentation of systemic manifestations of more generalized connective tissue disorder (skin hyperextensibility, unexplained striae, or recurrent abdominal hernias for example), a positive family history, and/or musculoskeletal complications (e.g., chronic pain, recurrent dislocations etc.) ( 5). The second criterion involves the exclusion of other types of EDS, connective tissue disorders, and alternative diagnoses. The first criterion is generalized joint hypermobility, defined as a Beighton score of ≥6 for pre-pubertal children and adolescents, ≥5 for pubertal men and women up to the age of 50 years, and ≥4 for those >50 years of age ( 5). Hypermobile EDS is a clinical diagnosis assigned when individuals meet the following 3 criteria. While there are 13 subtypes of EDS, the hypermobile type (hEDS) is the most prevalent, likely representing 80%–90% of the cases ( 4). In Wales, 0.19% have a combined diagnosis of EDS and joint hypermobility syndrome ( 2) and other research has proposed a prevalence of symptomatic general joint hypermobility as high as 0.75%–2% of the population ( 3). More recent research has shown that the prevalence may in fact be much higher. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) represents a group of inherited connective tissue disorders which predominantly affects women and has been traditionally thought to affect approximately 1 in 5,000 individuals ( 1). ![]()
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